Die Transformationen der Zarenmacht in der ‚Zeit der Wirren‘ bieten ein reiches Projektionsfeld für den interdisziplinären Diskurs über Grundaspekte autokratischer Herrschaft. Ausgehend vom moskowitischen Beispiel setzt sich dieser Band mit historischen Analogien in Japan, Kaschmir, Kastilien, dem Karolingerreich und Byzanz auseinander. Grenz- und epochenübergreifend werden einige spannungsreiche Forschungsschwerpunkte in Bezug auf die Vormoderne behandelt, darunter die praktische Umsetzung autokratischer Herrschaftsmodelle in verschiedenen Kulturen, Formen der weiblichen Teilhabe an der Macht, die Rolle von Herrschaftseliten in politischen Umbruchphasen sowie die Bedeutung religiöser Ideen für dynastische Herrschaftslegitimationen. Interdisziplinär reflektiert werden die Ideen über das dritte Rom, die Schicksale ‚falscher Zaren‘ oder der ersten gekrönten russischen Zarin Marina Mniszech. Starting with the Muscovite example, the book deals with the phenomena of ‘Macht’ and ‘Herrschaft’ in a period of crisis, using historical analogies in Japan, Kashmir, Castile, Carolingian Empire and Constantinople. Across borders and epochs, such key aspects of research are dealt with concerning the pre-modern age, as the practical implementation of autocratic models of rule in different cultures, forms of female participation in power, the influence of ruling elites in phases of political upheaval, and the significance of religious ideas for the legitimation of political and dynastic power. Thus, the idea of the Third Rome, the fates of ‘false tsars’ or the first crowned Russian tsarina Marina Mniszech get an interdisciplinary reflection.

Die Transformationen der Zarenmacht in der ‚Zeit der Wirren‘ bieten ein reiches Projektionsfeld für den interdisziplinären Diskurs über Grundaspekte autokratischer Herrschaft. Ausgehend vom moskowitischen Beispiel setzt sich dieser Band mit historischen Analogien in Japan, Kaschmir, Kastilien, dem Karolingerreich und Byzanz auseinander. Grenz- und epochenübergreifend werden einige spannungsreiche Forschungsschwerpunkte in Bezug auf die Vormoderne behandelt, darunter die praktische Umsetzung autokratischer Herrschaftsmodelle in verschiedenen Kulturen, Formen der weiblichen Teilhabe an der Macht, die Rolle von Herrschaftseliten in politischen Umbruchphasen sowie die Bedeutung religiöser Ideen für dynastische Herrschaftslegitimationen. Interdisziplinär reflektiert werden die Ideen über das dritte Rom, die Schicksale ‚falscher Zaren‘ oder der ersten gekrönten russischen Zarin Marina Mniszech. Starting with the Muscovite example, the book deals with the phenomena of ‘Macht’ and ‘Herrschaft’ in a period of crisis, using historical analogies in Japan, Kashmir, Castile, Carolingian Empire and Constantinople. Across borders and epochs, such key aspects of research are dealt with concerning the pre-modern age, as the practical implementation of autocratic models of rule in different cultures, forms of female participation in power, the influence of ruling elites in phases of political upheaval, and the significance of religious ideas for the legitimation of political and dynastic power. Thus, the idea of the Third Rome, the fates of ‘false tsars’ or the first crowned Russian tsarina Marina Mniszech get an interdisciplinary reflection.

@2@@20@'Like Evelyn Waugh's@18@ Brideshead Revisited@19@, the Old Filth trilogy restores us to an era rich in spectacle and bristling with insinuation and intrigue' Boston Globe@21@@3@@2@@20@'Sharp, humane, generous and wonderfully funny, she is one of our very finest writers' Hilary Mantel@21@@16@@20@@21@@16@@20@Shortlisted for the 2014 Folio Prize.@21@@16@@18@@19@@16@@18@Old Filth@19@ and @18@The Man in the Wooden Hat@19@ told with bristling tenderness and black humour the stories of that Titan of the Hong Kong law courts, Old Filth QC, and his clever, misunderstood wife Betty. @18@Last Friends, @19@the final volume of this trilogy, picks up with Terence Veneering, Filth's great rival in work and - though it was never spoken of - in love. @3@@2@Veneering's were not the usual beginnings of an establishment silk: the son of a Russian acrobat marooned in northeast England and a devoted local girl, he escapes the war to emerge in the Far East as a man of panache, success and fame. But, always, at the stuffy English Bar he is treated with suspicion: where did this blond, louche, brilliant Slav come from? @3@@2@Veneering, Filth and their friends tell a tale of love, friendship, grace, the bittersweet experiences of a now-forgotten Empire and the disappointments and consolations of age.@3@

@2@@20@'Like Evelyn Waugh's@18@ Brideshead Revisited@19@, the Old Filth trilogy restores us to an era rich in spectacle and bristling with insinuation and intrigue' Boston Globe@21@@3@@2@@20@'Sharp, humane, generous and wonderfully funny, she is one of our very finest writers' Hilary Mantel@21@@16@@20@@21@@16@@20@Shortlisted for the 2014 Folio Prize.@21@@16@@18@@19@@16@@18@Old Filth@19@ and @18@The Man in the Wooden Hat@19@ told with bristling tenderness and black humour the stories of that Titan of the Hong Kong law courts, Old Filth QC, and his clever, misunderstood wife Betty. @18@Last Friends, @19@the final volume of this trilogy, picks up with Terence Veneering, Filth's great rival in work and - though it was never spoken of - in love. @3@@2@Veneering's were not the usual beginnings of an establishment silk: the son of a Russian acrobat marooned in northeast England and a devoted local girl, he escapes the war to emerge in the Far East as a man of panache, success and fame. But, always, at the stuffy English Bar he is treated with suspicion: where did this blond, louche, brilliant Slav come from? @3@@2@Veneering, Filth and their friends tell a tale of love, friendship, grace, the bittersweet experiences of a now-forgotten Empire and the disappointments and consolations of age.@3@

@2@@20@**WINNER OF THE ORWELL PRIZE FOR POLITICAL WRITING**@21@@16@@20@**WINNER OF THE ELIZABETH LONGFORD PRIZE FOR HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY**@21@@16@@20@*Book of the year: @18@The Times, Sunday Times, New Statesman, Spectator, Evening Standard*@19@@21@@16@@20@'Outstanding@21@@20@ . . . We still live in the society that was shaped by Clement Attlee' Robert Harris, @21@@18@@20@Sunday Times@21@@19@@16@@20@'The best book in the field of British politics@21@@20@' Philip Collins, @18@The Times@19@@21@@16@@20@'Easily the best single-volume, cradle-to-grave life of Clement Attlee yet written' Andrew Roberts@21@@3@@2@Clement Attlee was the Labour prime minister who presided over Britain's radical postwar government, delivering the end of the Empire in India, the foundation of the NHS and Britain's place in NATO. Called 'a sheep in sheep's clothing', his reputation has long been that of an unassuming character in the shadow of Churchill. But as John Bew's revelatory biography shows, Attlee was not only a hero of his age, but an emblem of it; and his life tells the story of how Britain changed over the twentieth century. @3@@2@Here, Bew pierces Attlee's reticence to examine the intellect and beliefs of Britain's greatest - and least appreciated - peacetime prime minister. This edition includes a new preface by the author in response to the 2017 general election.@3@

@2@@20@**WINNER OF THE ORWELL PRIZE FOR POLITICAL WRITING**@21@@16@@20@**WINNER OF THE ELIZABETH LONGFORD PRIZE FOR HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY**@21@@16@@20@*Book of the year: @18@The Times, Sunday Times, New Statesman, Spectator, Evening Standard*@19@@21@@16@@20@'Outstanding@21@@20@ . . . We still live in the society that was shaped by Clement Attlee' Robert Harris, @21@@18@@20@Sunday Times@21@@19@@16@@20@'The best book in the field of British politics@21@@20@' Philip Collins, @18@The Times@19@@21@@16@@20@'Easily the best single-volume, cradle-to-grave life of Clement Attlee yet written' Andrew Roberts@21@@3@@2@Clement Attlee was the Labour prime minister who presided over Britain's radical postwar government, delivering the end of the Empire in India, the foundation of the NHS and Britain's place in NATO. Called 'a sheep in sheep's clothing', his reputation has long been that of an unassuming character in the shadow of Churchill. But as John Bew's revelatory biography shows, Attlee was not only a hero of his age, but an emblem of it; and his life tells the story of how Britain changed over the twentieth century. @3@@2@Here, Bew pierces Attlee's reticence to examine the intellect and beliefs of Britain's greatest - and least appreciated - peacetime prime minister. This edition includes a new preface by the author in response to the 2017 general election.@3@

The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 dealt with three interlinked topics: the peaceful settlement of disputes, including by arbitration; the restriction of armaments and military budgets; the laws of war. The first two were aimed at preventing the outbreak of war, not by restricting the jus ad bellum in its substance, but by inducing states not to use their continuing war power and to limit the growth of their war machinery. The third topic was concerned with containing the brutality of war where its prevention had failed. Whereas the Conferences succeeded in codifying the laws of war, they made less progress with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes and failed on limiting armaments. Worst of all, they could not prevent the outbreak of World War I. This volume uses the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Second Hague Peace Conference to follow up on the then concerns and objectives, looking at the Hague legacy through the lens of today's problems. The 27 contributions treat the most pressing recent issues of non-proliferation and disarmament, international humanitarian law and judicial dispute settlement. Three questions run like a thread through this volume: 1. In which areas have the promises of 1899 and 1907 remained unfulfilled and why? 2. In which areas has there been progress, in which other areas perhaps regression? 3. What are our prospects and how can we international lawyers help shaping a promising future in respect of the prevention and containment of war? Whereas the "empire of law" in international relations and the age of international justice, which were envisaged in the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes of 1899/1907, have not yet arrived on the global level, we Europeans have made considerable progress since 1945. But in the age of globalization, Europe cannot for long remain an Isle of the Blest. Together with the other peoples of the United Nations we must therefore strive toward fulfilling the promises of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - peace, justice, freedom and prosperity for everyone and all nations large and small. Only then can wars be prevented.

The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 dealt with three interlinked topics: the peaceful settlement of disputes, including by arbitration; the restriction of armaments and military budgets; the laws of war. The first two were aimed at preventing the outbreak of war, not by restricting the jus ad bellum in its substance, but by inducing states not to use their continuing war power and to limit the growth of their war machinery. The third topic was concerned with containing the brutality of war where its prevention had failed. Whereas the Conferences succeeded in codifying the laws of war, they made less progress with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes and failed on limiting armaments. Worst of all, they could not prevent the outbreak of World War I. This volume uses the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Second Hague Peace Conference to follow up on the then concerns and objectives, looking at the Hague legacy through the lens of today's problems. The 27 contributions treat the most pressing recent issues of non-proliferation and disarmament, international humanitarian law and judicial dispute settlement. Three questions run like a thread through this volume: 1. In which areas have the promises of 1899 and 1907 remained unfulfilled and why? 2. In which areas has there been progress, in which other areas perhaps regression? 3. What are our prospects and how can we international lawyers help shaping a promising future in respect of the prevention and containment of war? Whereas the "empire of law" in international relations and the age of international justice, which were envisaged in the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes of 1899/1907, have not yet arrived on the global level, we Europeans have made considerable progress since 1945. But in the age of globalization, Europe cannot for long remain an Isle of the Blest. Together with the other peoples of the United Nations we must therefore strive toward fulfilling the promises of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - peace, justice, freedom and prosperity for everyone and all nations large and small. Only then can wars be prevented.

Bloomsbury presents Dance of Shadows by Gourav Mohanty, read by Raj Ghatak. As the Sun sets on the age of virtue, the shadows gather for a final dance… The Mathuran Republic and Magadhan Empire are locked in mortal struggle, but they are not the only pieces on the board. Over the Eastern horizon, storm clouds gather. The Rakshasan Tree Cities have opened their borders for the first time in centuries, gathering kings, clerics, matriarchs and merchant lords to a Conclave of Peace... all the better to carve up the future without having to worry about either Empire or Republic. After all, a season of peace is the time to plant anew the seeds of war. But in this world drenched in oil, three women emerge, each the spark that might light the fire. A Pirate Queen discovers the only gold around is in the bars of her cage. A Temple Courtesan's heart dances for the lowborn archer she was tasked to destroy. A Librarian Princess steals from deathless witches and legendary thieves to save the world from an ancient plague. As smouldering conflicts reignite, intimate betrayals unwind and ancient evils awake, our cast of spoilt heroes and lovesick princes, immortal assassins and their apprentices, deaf swordswomen and exiled snakelings will find no sun to light their path. For the Son of Darkness rises, boiling over with a wrath that all the oracles in the world cannot appease. Seeing the future is one thing, changing it is quite another… Unless it is through a heist.

**'LIKE GAME OF THRONES IN AN INDIAN UNIVERSE' DAN JONES** As the Sun sets on the age of virtue, the shadows gather for a final dance. The Mathuran Republic and Magadhan Empire are locked in mortal struggle, but they are not the only pieces on the board. Over the Eastern horizon, storm clouds gather. The Rakshasan Tree Cities have opened their borders for the first time in centuries, gathering kings, clerics, matriarchs and merchant lords to a Conclave of Peace... all the better to carve up the future without having to worry about either Empire or Republic. After all, a season of peace is the time to plant anew the seeds of war. But in this world drenched in oil, three women emerge, each the spark that might light the fire. A Pirate Queen discovers the only gold around is in the bars of her cage. A Temple Courtesan's heart dances for the lowborn archer she was tasked to destroy. A Librarian Princess steals from deathless witches and legendary thieves to save the world from an ancient plague. As smouldering conflicts reignite, intimate betrayals unwind and ancient evils awake, our cast of spoilt heroes and lovesick princes, immortal assassins and their apprentices, deaf swordswomen and exiled snakelings will find no sun to light their path. For the Son of Darkness rises, boiling over with a wrath that all the oracles in the world cannot appease. Seeing the future is one thing, changing it is quite another. Unless it is through a heist.

This textbook is endorsed by OCR and supports the specification for GCSE Ancient History (first teaching September 2017). It covers the whole of Component 1, both the compulsory Period Study and the three optional Depth Studies: Period Study: The Persian Empire, 559-465 BC by James Renshaw Depth Study: From Tyranny to Democracy, 546-483 BC by Sam Baddeley Depth Study: Athens in the Age of Pericles, 462-429 BC by Paul Fowler and James Renshaw Depth Study: Alexander the Great, 356-323 BC by Lucy Nicholas Was propaganda Persia's greatest weapon? How did Athens create democracy? Does Pericles' Athens deserve to be remembered as civilised or barbaric? How did Alexander dominate the ancient world by the age of 32? This book raises these and other key questions. GCSE students and their teachers will explore key political and social developments of the Greek and Persian worlds through the eyes of ancient historians and archaeology. This book invites us to look at ancient societies in a new light and helps explain the development of the modern world. The ideal preparation for the final examinations, all content is presented by experts and experienced teachers in a clear and accessible narrative. Ancient literary and visual sources are described and analysed, with supporting images. Helpful student features include study questions, further reading, and boxes focusing in on key people, events and terms. Practice questions and exam guidance prepare students for assessment.

**'LIKE GAME OF THRONES IN AN INDIAN UNIVERSE' DAN JONES** As the Sun sets on the age of virtue, the shadows gather for a final dance. The Mathuran Republic and Magadhan Empire are locked in mortal struggle, but they are not the only pieces on the board. Over the Eastern horizon, storm clouds gather. The Rakshasan Tree Cities have opened their borders for the first time in centuries, gathering kings, clerics, matriarchs and merchant lords to a Conclave of Peace... all the better to carve up the future without having to worry about either Empire or Republic. After all, a season of peace is the time to plant anew the seeds of war. But in this world drenched in oil, three women emerge, each the spark that might light the fire. A Pirate Queen discovers the only gold around is in the bars of her cage. A Temple Courtesan's heart dances for the lowborn archer she was tasked to destroy. A Librarian Princess steals from deathless witches and legendary thieves to save the world from an ancient plague. As smouldering conflicts reignite, intimate betrayals unwind and ancient evils awake, our cast of spoilt heroes and lovesick princes, immortal assassins and their apprentices, deaf swordswomen and exiled snakelings will find no sun to light their path. For the Son of Darkness rises, boiling over with a wrath that all the oracles in the world cannot appease. Seeing the future is one thing, changing it is quite another. Unless it is through a heist.

The gripping history of electricity and how the fateful collision of Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse left the world utterly transformed. In the final decades of the nineteenth century, three brilliant and visionary titans of America’s Gilded Age—Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse—battled bitterly as each vied to create a vast and powerful electrical empire. In Empires of Light, historian Jill Jonnes portrays this extraordinary trio and their riveting and ruthless world of cutting-edge science, invention, intrigue, money, death, and hard-eyed Wall Street millionaires. At the heart of the story are Thomas Alva Edison, the nation’s most famous and folksy inventor, creator of the incandescent light bulb and mastermind of the world’s first direct current electrical light networks; the Serbian wizard of invention Nikola Tesla, elegant, highly eccentric, a dreamer who revolutionized the generation and delivery of electricity; and the charismatic George Westinghouse, Pittsburgh inventor and tough corporate entrepreneur, an industrial idealist who in the era of gaslight imagined a world powered by cheap and plentiful electricity and worked heart and soul to create it. Edison struggled to introduce his radical new direct current (DC) technology into the hurly-burly of New York City as Tesla and Westinghouse challenged his dominance with their alternating current (AC), thus setting the stage for one of the eeriest feuds in American corporate history, the War of the Electric Currents. The battlegrounds: Wall Street, the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, Niagara Falls, and, finally, the death chamber—Jonnes takes us on the tense walk down a prison hallway and into the sunlit room where William Kemmler, convicted ax murderer, became the first man to die in the electric chair.

The gripping history of electricity and how the fateful collision of Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse left the world utterly transformed. In the final decades of the nineteenth century, three brilliant and visionary titans of America’s Gilded Age—Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse—battled bitterly as each vied to create a vast and powerful electrical empire. In Empires of Light, historian Jill Jonnes portrays this extraordinary trio and their riveting and ruthless world of cutting-edge science, invention, intrigue, money, death, and hard-eyed Wall Street millionaires. At the heart of the story are Thomas Alva Edison, the nation’s most famous and folksy inventor, creator of the incandescent light bulb and mastermind of the world’s first direct current electrical light networks; the Serbian wizard of invention Nikola Tesla, elegant, highly eccentric, a dreamer who revolutionized the generation and delivery of electricity; and the charismatic George Westinghouse, Pittsburgh inventor and tough corporate entrepreneur, an industrial idealist who in the era of gaslight imagined a world powered by cheap and plentiful electricity and worked heart and soul to create it. Edison struggled to introduce his radical new direct current (DC) technology into the hurly-burly of New York City as Tesla and Westinghouse challenged his dominance with their alternating current (AC), thus setting the stage for one of the eeriest feuds in American corporate history, the War of the Electric Currents. The battlegrounds: Wall Street, the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, Niagara Falls, and, finally, the death chamber—Jonnes takes us on the tense walk down a prison hallway and into the sunlit room where William Kemmler, convicted ax murderer, became the first man to die in the electric chair.

With the invasion of Dara complete, and the Wall of Storms breached, the world has opened to new possibilities for the gods and peoples of both empires as the sweeping saga of the award-winning Dandelion Dynasty continues in this third book of the “magnificent fantasy epic” (NPR). Princess Théra, once known as Empress Üna of Dara, entrusted the throne to her younger brother in order to journey to Ukyu-Gondé to war with the Lyucu. She has crossed the fabled Wall of Storms with a fleet of advanced warships and ten thousand people. Beset by adversity, Théra and her most trusted companions attempt to overcome every challenge by doing the most interesting thing. But is not letting the past dictate the present always possible or even desirable? In Dara, the Lyucu leadership as well as the surviving Dandelion Court bristle with rivalries as currents of power surge and ebb and perspectives spin and shift. Here, parents and children, teachers and students, Empress and Pékyu, all nurture the seeds of plans that will take years to bloom. Will tradition yield to new justifications for power? Everywhere, the spirit of innovation dances like dandelion seeds on the wind, and the commoners, the forgotten, the ignored begin to engineer new solutions for a new age. Ken Liu returns to the series that draws from a tradition of the great epics of our history from the Aeneid to the Romance on the Three Kingdoms and builds a new tale unsurpassed in its scope and ambition.

Pray tell, are you addicted to Sherlock Holmes stories? Read the entire Canon? But you need MORE SHERLOCK? You came to the singularly correct place. Sixty new "canonical" Sherlock Holmes stories; each one a tribute to one of the original stories in the Canon. Enjoy. STUDYING SCARLET. A strikingly beautiful mature woman from The South has come to London in search of her estranged husband. She makes contact with three of his associates and a few days later all three are dead, garroted by a shadowy group of anarchists. In need of help she enters 221B Baker Street and hires the world's greatest detective. She is accompanied by an elderly, not-petite African American woman who hires Holmes and lets him know who is in charge. A younger generation joins in the adventure. Like their parents, they are physically gorgeous, athletic, courageous, excellent horse riders, and, fortunately, strong swimmers. Together with Holmes and Watson, they ride madly across southern England trying to prevent a disastrous assassination and save the Empire. Fans of Sherlock Holmes will enjoy a new adventure that closely follows the narratives, characters, setting, and language of the Canon. Fans of Gone with the Wind will love this new parody/pastiche and the many tributes to the great saga of the antebellum age. Buy it now, read it, and enjoy your much-loved characters yet again.

With the invasion of Dara complete, and the Wall of Storms breached, the world has opened to new possibilities for the gods and peoples of both empires as the sweeping saga of the award-winning Dandelion Dynasty continues in this third book of the “magnificent fantasy epic” (NPR). Princess Théra, once known as Empress Üna of Dara, entrusted the throne to her younger brother in order to journey to Ukyu-Gondé to war with the Lyucu. She has crossed the fabled Wall of Storms with a fleet of advanced warships and ten thousand people. Beset by adversity, Théra and her most trusted companions attempt to overcome every challenge by doing the most interesting thing. But is not letting the past dictate the present always possible or even desirable? In Dara, the Lyucu leadership as well as the surviving Dandelion Court bristle with rivalries as currents of power surge and ebb and perspectives spin and shift. Here, parents and children, teachers and students, Empress and Pékyu, all nurture the seeds of plans that will take years to bloom. Will tradition yield to new justifications for power? Everywhere, the spirit of innovation dances like dandelion seeds on the wind, and the commoners, the forgotten, the ignored begin to engineer new solutions for a new age. Ken Liu returns to the series that draws from a tradition of the great epics of our history from the Aeneid to the Romance on the Three Kingdoms and builds a new tale unsurpassed in its scope and ambition.

With the invasion of Dara complete, and the Wall of Storms breached, the world has opened to new possibilities for the gods and peoples of both empires as the sweeping saga of the award-winning Dandelion Dynasty continues in this third book of the “magnificent fantasy epic” (NPR). Princess Théra, once known as Empress Üna of Dara, entrusted the throne to her younger brother in order to journey to Ukyu-Gondé to war with the Lyucu. She has crossed the fabled Wall of Storms with a fleet of advanced warships and ten thousand people. Beset by adversity, Théra and her most trusted companions attempt to overcome every challenge by doing the most interesting thing. But is not letting the past dictate the present always possible or even desirable? In Dara, the Lyucu leadership as well as the surviving Dandelion Court bristle with rivalries as currents of power surge and ebb and perspectives spin and shift. Here, parents and children, teachers and students, Empress and Pékyu, all nurture the seeds of plans that will take years to bloom. Will tradition yield to new justifications for power? Everywhere, the spirit of innovation dances like dandelion seeds on the wind, and the commoners, the forgotten, the ignored begin to engineer new solutions for a new age. Ken Liu returns to the series that draws from a tradition of the great epics of our history from the Aeneid to the Romance on the Three Kingdoms and builds a new tale unsurpassed in its scope and ambition.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2019 im Fachbereich Geschichte - Weltgeschichte - Frühgeschichte, Antike, Note: 1,7, Pädagogische Hochschule Ludwigsburg, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: This seminar paper examines the origins of the legion and its character and exploits through the expansion of the Roman empire in the Republican period, to c. 31 BC. However, these legions were ad hoc units within a citizen army, raised on a temporary basis for campaigns and had no lasting identities that we can describe over a period of centuries. Legions as units with stable, long-term histories emerged from the armies of Julius Caesar in Gaul in the mid-1st century BC and of Octavian and Mark Antony in the civil wars of the 40s and 30s BC. Portraying the Roman imperial Army during the reign of the second emperor, Tiberius, in AD 23, the Roman historian Tacitus enumerates the twenty-five legions that made up the heart of the army, with the areas of the empire in which they were installed. Tacitus also says that there were similar naval units and units of supporting cavalry and infantry ¿not much inferior to them in strength.¿ However, Tacitus allocates most attention to the legions, describing their placement region by region, while he explains over the other elements of the armed forces in a couple of sentences. And it is exactly the legions of the Roman army that come to our minds when we think about Roman military strength and effectiveness. For the Roman historian Tacitus, the legions were vital because they were the high-status units of the army. They were composed of Roman citizens with full Roman legal and political rights, and they still represented the Roman people under arms. Auxiliary troops were recruited largely from allies and subjects, men of mediocre status who aimed to Roman citizenship after a lifetime in the army. Equally important is the fact that in AD 14 the legions already had a history of over three centuries of success. They had formed the core of an army that had boosted Rome from anonymity to domination of the Mediterranean basin and beyond. They had beaten Hannibal, the Macedonians, the Gauls and many others. The Roman legions had suffered defeats too, but one Roman feature was the capacity to endure losses and rebuild fighting strength, so the legions lived on. They lived on and fought well beyond the age of Augustus. Legions were still essential fighting units in the 5th century AD, when the western empire was in military and political decline.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2019 im Fachbereich Geschichte - Weltgeschichte - Frühgeschichte, Antike, Note: 1,7, Pädagogische Hochschule Ludwigsburg, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: This seminar paper examines the origins of the legion and its character and exploits through the expansion of the Roman empire in the Republican period, to c. 31 BC. However, these legions were ad hoc units within a citizen army, raised on a temporary basis for campaigns and had no lasting identities that we can describe over a period of centuries. Legions as units with stable, long-term histories emerged from the armies of Julius Caesar in Gaul in the mid-1st century BC and of Octavian and Mark Antony in the civil wars of the 40s and 30s BC. Portraying the Roman imperial Army during the reign of the second emperor, Tiberius, in AD 23, the Roman historian Tacitus enumerates the twenty-five legions that made up the heart of the army, with the areas of the empire in which they were installed. Tacitus also says that there were similar naval units and units of supporting cavalry and infantry ¿not much inferior to them in strength.¿ However, Tacitus allocates most attention to the legions, describing their placement region by region, while he explains over the other elements of the armed forces in a couple of sentences. And it is exactly the legions of the Roman army that come to our minds when we think about Roman military strength and effectiveness. For the Roman historian Tacitus, the legions were vital because they were the high-status units of the army. They were composed of Roman citizens with full Roman legal and political rights, and they still represented the Roman people under arms. Auxiliary troops were recruited largely from allies and subjects, men of mediocre status who aimed to Roman citizenship after a lifetime in the army. Equally important is the fact that in AD 14 the legions already had a history of over three centuries of success. They had formed the core of an army that had boosted Rome from anonymity to domination of the Mediterranean basin and beyond. They had beaten Hannibal, the Macedonians, the Gauls and many others. The Roman legions had suffered defeats too, but one Roman feature was the capacity to endure losses and rebuild fighting strength, so the legions lived on. They lived on and fought well beyond the age of Augustus. Legions were still essential fighting units in the 5th century AD, when the western empire was in military and political decline.