Many digital signal processing and communication algorithms are first simulated using floating-point arithmetic and are later transformed into fixed-point arithmetic to reduce implementation complexity. This transformation process may take most of the design time for complex designs and may involve a long series of manual ad-hoc design choices. This book provides methods to find optimum word lengths efficiently, implement low-power fixed-point arithmetic by word length reduction techniques, and automate the transformation process from floating-point to fixed-point arithmetic. The automation step provides a design tradeoff curve of signal quality vs. implementation complexity for the system, which allows the designer to pick any operating point on the tradeoff curve. The book should help in developing fixed-point hardware or software implementations from floating-point representations, and should be especially useful to professionals who are developing high-speed or low-power hardware or software.

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Real-time Optimization (RTO) has become the standard approach for improving plant performance in many petrochemical plants. In RTO, usually a first principle-based steady-state process model is used to formulate and solve a model-based optimization problem to compute the optimal operating conditions which maximize the economic performance of the plant while satisfying safety, process, and environmental constraints. However, despite its proclaimed benefits, the implementation of model-based online optimization is still limited to relatively few cases. One of the main reasons is the issue of model-plant mismatch: By using an inaccurate model, the computed operating point will be suboptimal and, in the worst scenario, the constraints can be violated. This work attempts to overcome some of the difficulties that the process industry is currently facing in the deployment of RTO with inaccurate models. This contribution builds on the main idea of iterative correction of the nominal optimization problem with the estimated plant gradients according to the principle of Modifier Adaptation (MA) algorithm and provides several methodological contributions to overcome some of its limitations. First, trust-region optimization is combined with the traditional MA approach with the goal of ensuring convergence to the plant optimum under relatively mild assumptions regarding the properties of the available model. Second, a new algorithm is presented for those cases where in addition to model uncertainties, the plant measurements are contaminated with significant levels of noise. Third, two approaches to fast RTO are investigated to combine dynamic information with the available process model resulting in a faster convergence to the plant optimum.

Phosphorus plays an important role in a number of processes in plants, especially in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, membrane formation, energy generation, glycolysis, respiration and nitrogen fixation. Although total P in the soils are high but their availability to plants is too low to meet the requirements so viable strategies are needed to solublized the inorganic P and to use the RP (insoluble source of P) to decrease the dependence on costly chemical fertilizers in crop production . For the transformation of insoluble phosphorus (PR) to soluble form, composting technology would serve as breakthrough and provided optimal conditions. The objective of the study was to optimize the compost: RP ratio, time and temperature conditions for maximum solublization of P by composting. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of composting technology to solublize the rock phosphate in soil and also to develop optimum conditions for better release of available P for growth and development of crop plants.

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Real-time Optimization (RTO) has become the standard approach for improving plant performance in many petrochemical plants. In RTO, usually a first principle-based steady-state process model is used to formulate and solve a model-based optimization problem to compute the optimal operating conditions which maximize the economic performance of the plant while satisfying safety, process, and environmental constraints. However, despite its proclaimed benefits, the implementation of model-based online optimization is still limited to relatively few cases. One of the main reasons is the issue of model-plant mismatch: By using an inaccurate model, the computed operating point will be suboptimal and, in the worst scenario, the constraints can be violated. This work attempts to overcome some of the difficulties that the process industry is currently facing in the deployment of RTO with inaccurate models. This contribution builds on the main idea of iterative correction of the nominal optimization problem with the estimated plant gradients according to the principle of Modifier Adaptation (MA) algorithm and provides several methodological contributions to overcome some of its limitations. First, trust-region optimization is combined with the traditional MA approach with the goal of ensuring convergence to the plant optimum under relatively mild assumptions regarding the properties of the available model. Second, a new algorithm is presented for those cases where in addition to model uncertainties, the plant measurements are contaminated with significant levels of noise. Third, two approaches to fast RTO are investigated to combine dynamic information with the available process model resulting in a faster convergence to the plant optimum.

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