The role of writing in social interactions is becoming more and more evident in modern communities. The increasing use of personal computers and the rapid growth of the Internet have emphasized the importance of writing skill among the four skills. As a result, the ability to speak and write a second language is becoming widely recognized as an important skill for educational, business, and personal reasons. The use of performance assessment as a measure of writing language skills in English as a second or foreign language has become a common practice all over the world. This book provides an assessment model that can help teachers to observe and evaluate student writers' performances during the writing process. We hope that applying such a model for writing assessment can provide teaching practitioners with a better diagnostic tool for the evaluation of learners who are more likely to perform differently in different stages of the writing process.

This study describes the prospects of revenue earning at different sectors in Bangladesh specially those sectors are responsible for environment pollution. The tax-GDP ratio in Bangladesh is less than 10% and is the lowest among the South Asian countries. However, in order to mobilize internal resources, a strong and efficient tax system is necessary. To strengthen this taxation system, one of the most effective tax all over the world, environmental revenue should be added to our existing taxation system. That would be effective in both sector, our national economy and our environment.

Hearing loss is a common complaint encountered in ENT practice. Mild traumatic brain injury is one of the most common neurological disorders with only migraine and herpes zoster having higher incidences and only migraine having higher prevalence. In all accidents Minor head injuries ( Peden marge&Scurfeild et al, 2004)are the most common. Hearing loss following head trauma or head injury is a major medical problem in adults ( Bergemalm P-O&Borg.E 2001),as well as children ( Hough JVD &Stuart WD,1985) which may go unnoticed when the hearing loss does not affect speech frequencies. Due to trauma sustained hearing impairment may persist or progress. Hearing impairment can be due to central or peripheral causes, middle ear or cochlea being the most common site of peripheral injury. Evaluation of hearing loss by Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) and Tympanometry is a standard protocol in all cases of Trauma. Evaluation of outer hair cell function can be done with evoked Oto-acoustic emission measurements. Evoked OAEs can be detected in essentially all ears with normal hearing and are reduced or absent in ears affected by Hearing loss.

El profesional de enfermería esta comprometido a brindar atención de calidad al paciente de la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) e intermedios(UTI) de forma humanizada, sin embargo existen factores que pueden interferir, uno de ellos es el Síndrome de Agotamiento Profesional (SAP). Esta situación es un riesgo potencial para los resultados en la salud del paciente. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el Síndrome de Agotamiento Profesional en las enfermeras y la Satisfacción del Paciente en la UCI y UTI. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo,correlacional, transversal. Resultados: participaron 66 enfermeras, el promedio de edad fue de 35 años, la prevalencia del SAP fue moderado con el 56%, en la estadística inferencial el turno nocturno, el tiempo de ejercer enfermería, y la satisfacción, se encontraron asociadas al SAP. Con respecto a los pacientes, participaron 30 el promedio de edad fue de 39.8 años,en lo que se refiere a la satisfacción el 53.3% mencionó estar muy satisfecho, en la satisfacción total el 40% fue baja, en la estadística inferencial, la satisfacción del paciente esta asociada al nivel de escolaridad.

This book is about the comparison of the organizational commitment among the faculty members of public and private sector universities in Pakistan. The data was collected form lecturers of the two said sectors. The level of commitment of both the sectors was the same. All the faculty members were in the category of medium organizational commitment,however the public sector's faculty was relatively on the higher side.

Natural products are the main source of antibiotics. Despite the huge expectation of synthetic molecules with effective antimicrobial properties, natural products are still a worth promise. Actinomycetes are useful biological tools for the production of antimicrobials against fungi and bacteria. Due to the large geographical difference and variations in soil type the distribution of antibiotic producing actinomycetes in Western Ghats also variable. This book describes actinomycetes from Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu with its antimicrobial properties.

The issue of withholding and withdrawing clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH) for imminently dying patients is very contentious. There is no agreement between medical professionals, ethicists and patients' families. Problem of forgoing CANH is subject of a fierce and sometimes emotional debate. The Author makes an attempt to examine current clinical evidence on withdrawing and withholding CANH at the end of life. She tries to assess whether it is always beneficial for a patient to provide CANH or whether providing CANH may sometimes cause more harm than good. As the Catholic ethical standpoints are sometimes perceived as based on solely ideological presumptions, the Author calls for an in-depth analysis of the Catholic perspective on forgoing CANH. She argues that the actual position of the Catholic Church on this issue is consistent with current medical knowledge.

This book critically negotiates the intersection between western and Arabic city literature deploying narratives of violence and fear penetrating into the heart of the Arab Inferno whereas people are colonized by the decadent moral codes of pre-industrial cities and tyrannized by military establishments and repressive / brutal regimes. Arguing that western city literature is born out of the existentialist complications confronting writers living in a highly industrialized and commercialized metropolis this pioneering study explores the attempt of a new generation of Arab writers to integrate western / Christian narratives and modernist discourses into Arabic city literature in order to engage indigenous socio-political issues and challenge local dictatorial regimes, the heirs of the colonial legacy.

Estrogen regulates diverse physiological processes by acting through receptors, two major forms of which have been identified: estrogen receptors alpha (ERa) and beta (ERb). The existence of two subtypes may partly explain the selective actions of estrogen in different target tissues and in the same tissue during different physiological states. Although the cellular distribution of ERa and ERb had been demonstrated before in the reproductive organs there was a lack of a comprehensive map of ER in the reproductive organs from development through adulthood, and in some cases, there was complete lack of information on some parts of the organs, notably the penis. This study provides a comprehensive cellular distribution map of the two ER subtypes, ERa and ERb mRNAs, for the entire reproductive organs of the male and female rat from development through adulthood using various techniques, notably in situ hybridization, and in some cases PCR (semi-quantitative PCR and qPCR), Western Blot analysis and confocal immunofluorescence. This was the first study to demonstrate the presence of ER in the penis.

Approximately 2.5 billion cases of diarrhoea were noted worldwide in 2004, which results in 1.5 million deaths among children under the age of five. Greater than half of these were in Africa and South Asia. This is decreased from a death rate of 5 million per year two decades ago. Diarrhoea remains the second leading cause of death (16%). Since ancient time a number of herbal medicines have been used in place of synthetic drug due to its side effects.Mucosa capsule consists of A.marmelos, B.aristata, T. foenum gracum, P. granatum, H. rosa sinensis, P. longifolia. Mucosa and developed capsule had exhibited significant dose dependent Anti- Diarrhoeal and Antioxidant activities conforming the indication of the formulation. The established parameters can be utilized for maintaining uniform quality, purity, efficacy and safety of the Mucosa capsule.

The study was carried out in Chiraigaon Community Development Block of Varanasi District for a period of two years.The study area is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. A Community based cross sectional research design was adopted for this work. Sample size estimation was based on prevalence of at least one risk factor at 90%; with permissible error of 5%. In all two hundred and one subjects were included in this study. The study subjects were drawn following a standard statistical procedure. The primary tool in the study was modified proforma based on WHO- STEP wise approach. The other tools in the study were weighing machine, steel anthropometry rod, measuring tape and sphygmomanometer. Prevalence and pattern of risk factor were assessed by interviewing the subjects and subjecting them to anthropometric assessment and biochemical investigation. Weight, height, Waist circumference and hip circumference recording were done following standard technique. In order to pinpoint correlates of risk factors of NCDs, univariate and logistic regression analysis was done. An attempt was made to identify attributes of subjects at higher risk of non communicable diseases.

The work conceptualises EU actorness, external governance and conditionality, and evaluating effectiveness of EU actorness in exerting influence on non-member states, as well as in conflict management. For a comprehensive discussion of the topic the book considers the effectiveness of EU actorness on political, economic and social reforms in Azerbaijan as a case study. The second case study will evaluate whether the EU can be an effective conflict resolution actor in Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict of over Nagorno-Karabakh. The topic actually has drawn increased attention since 2004 when Azerbaijan was included into the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), and again since 2006 when Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline started to operate. Since Azerbaijan participates in diversification of the EU's energy supplies bypassing Russia, it has become a strategic country for the Union. As the EU is interested in securing its energy supplies and having stable neighbours around, it would be happy to see more democratic and prosperous Azerbaijan in the neighbourhood where human rights and fundamental freedoms are respected and the rule of law is settled.

The Jewish Displaced Persons, survivors of the Holocaust, among them former partisans and concentration camp inmates started arriving in Italy in summer 1945. Originally from the Baltic States, Hungary and other parts of Eastern Europe, their immigration reached its peak in 1947 and ended in 1951 when the last refugees left Italy. Throughout these years between 50 000-70 000 refugees passed through Italy on their way to mostly Eretz Israel. Contemporary testimonies support the refugee view that Italy was a different place and they felt for the most part accepted. The story of the Jewish refugees in Italy was a glorious one: they had a goal and most of them obtained it as they arrived in Eretz Israel. The purpose of the research is two-fold: it examines the movement and arrival in Italy of the refugees, as well as the attitudes of the Italian government, public and security forces towards them. It also examines the refugees themselves, their goals and aspirations and the social conditions of the DP camps. These aspects form an important part of political and social history, also in terms of the international effort to aid the refugees.

Plant based products, essential oils, plant extracts, natural resins and their preparations have a wide range of applications mainly in pharmaceutical industry, in food technology, in aroma industry and in perfume and cosmetic industry. The genus Nepeta is one of the largest genera of family Labiatae (Lamiaceae) having approximately 250 species distributed mainly in Southwest and Central Asia, Europe, North Africa and North America. About 67 species are found in Iran and 58 in Pakistan. Some of the Iranian Nepeta species are employed in Iranian folk and traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders, such as nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases. These medicinal properties prompted us to carry out Phytochemical investigation on Nepeta clarkei.

Water is known to be a fundamental element of all forms of life. It is commonly used as solvent, for drinking, for cleaning purposes and various other ways. Needless to say, it has to be clean water. Water pollution on the other hand, decreases the water's usefulness economically and aesthetically. When water becomes polluted, it brings danger to our health and to the other living things. The most serious effects of water pollution are infectious diseases, which commonly occur in developing countries, where there is a problem with sanitation. Water-borne diseases occurs when microscopic causal organisms spread through water body,90% of the world diseases are cause due to water contamination. Groundwater and Surface-Water Interactions: As development of land and water resources increases, it is apparent that development of either of these resources affects quantity and quality of the other. Nearly all surface- water features interacts with groundwater. These interactions take many forms. In many situations, surface water bodies gain water and solutes from ground water system and in others the surface water is a source of ground water recharge and cause changes in ground water

Over the last 100 years studies on conducting polymers, better known as polyelectrolytes (PEs)have been intensive. Physicochemical properties of PE solutions have been studied for several decades, but a satisfactory and quantitavive theoretical explanation for the complex behaviour of PEs solution is still awaited. therefore present treatment of the PE behaviour is incomplete and that some fundamental new views are required to gain a full understanding. Keeping in view of widening fields of applications based on the specific properties of the PEs, it, thus, appears that the situation is far from satisfactory. In recent years, the study of PEs has seen a revival stimulated by the use of newly available experimental techniques and the introduction of new theoretical approaches. Although new insight has been gained, no real breakthrough has been realized so far and much remains to be done.The present book, therefore, aims at elucidating the solution behaviour of a selected PE (NaCMC) and could be useful, for master and doctoral research students working with PEs, in understanding the nature of various interactions in PE solutions.

This polyherbal formulation has been traditionally used in the Indian system of medicine as a chief formulation for the treatment of hepatic diseases as hepatoprotective. The aim of the study was to study hepatoprotective activity which will be scientific validation of traditional knowledge claimed about this polyherbal formulation. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of paracetamol (300mg/kg) to the animals. The levels of liver enzymes, lipid profiles, creatinine, urea levels and histopathological parameters were measured in order to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of polyherbal formulation. The polyherbal formulation produced a significant hepatoprotective activity of the decoction of polyherbal formulation. The polyherbal formulation (PHF = 1) shows good hepatoprotective activity by lowering the levels of SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin parameters (p0.05), lipid profiles - cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and histopathological evaluations shows that PHF = 1 and PHF = 3 formulations have significantly hepatoprotective activity (p0.05). The study validates that polyherbal formulation has a good hepatoprotective activity.

Two separate studies: a comprehensive 3D CFD investigation for multiparticles in turbulence flow and an extended analytical model for liquid-solid phase are presented in this book. CFD investigation was carried out to predict the hydrodynamic behavior of turbid particle flowing through a horizontal pipe networks including loop consist of bends and straight pipes. Furthermore, the extended analytical model was also re-developed for the liquid-solid system to look at the similar behavior of the solid particles flowing in a turbulent field. These two parallel studies will provide better understandings about the turbidity spikes movements in the drinking water distribution networks. This book is design for the lay reader to advance researcher. Lay readers will get information about CFD modelling and particle modelling technique and the researcher will be benefited in turbulent diffusion modelling and multiphase-multiparticle modelling.

This study reviews literature on regional economic integration. it Pays attention to both traditional and modern theory of regional economic integration ,the effects of regional economic integration as well as stages .It assesses existing empirical findings on effects of regional economic integration to support the analytical methods used in this study. At the same time, the study mainly focus on assessing trade effects of regional economic integration at sectoral level taking SADC as case study . In this regard, this study looks at theoretical justifications for using gravity model to analyze trade creation and diversion effects of forming regional blocs in Africa. Accordingly, empirical studies on regional economic integration process in Africa show sluggish progress and there by limited level of intra trade. Particularly, the empirical results show that the intra -SADC trade is growing in fuel and minerals, and heavy manufacturing sectors while it displays a declining trend in agricultural and light manufacturing sectors.

Gastropods pest are largely neglected in the literature of pest control methods. Terrestrial/ aquatic snails and slugs are destructive pest of field crops/aquatic vegetation and gardens. Gastropods also act as intermediate host of many helminthic species. Fasciolosis and schistosomiasis are included in the list of important helminthiasis. Both have long impact on cattle and human health and economy. One of the effective tools to control helminthiasis is to destroy the carrier snails, to de-link the life cycle of the flukes. The present book highlights the major control methods of gastropods pest of horticulture/agriculture and carrier snails of different flukes. The major control measures, which are commonly used now a days are cultural/biological/mechanical and by synthetic/plant derived products. Recent researches, on snail control measures include use of cow urine/dung, bait formulations and synergistic combinations against harmful gastropods are also discussed. Snail trapping by different attractants used in bait formulation and phytotherapy of snails is one of the emerging methods in control of helminthiasis. Present book is useful to the agriculturist/livestock users.