Over the last 100 years studies on conducting polymers, better known as polyelectrolytes (PEs)have been intensive. Physicochemical properties of PE solutions have been studied for several decades, but a satisfactory and quantitavive theoretical explanation for the complex behaviour of PEs solution is still awaited. therefore present treatment of the PE behaviour is incomplete and that some fundamental new views are required to gain a full understanding. Keeping in view of widening fields of applications based on the specific properties of the PEs, it, thus, appears that the situation is far from satisfactory. In recent years, the study of PEs has seen a revival stimulated by the use of newly available experimental techniques and the introduction of new theoretical approaches. Although new insight has been gained, no real breakthrough has been realized so far and much remains to be done.The present book, therefore, aims at elucidating the solution behaviour of a selected PE (NaCMC) and could be useful, for master and doctoral research students working with PEs, in understanding the nature of various interactions in PE solutions.

This polyherbal formulation has been traditionally used in the Indian system of medicine as a chief formulation for the treatment of hepatic diseases as hepatoprotective. The aim of the study was to study hepatoprotective activity which will be scientific validation of traditional knowledge claimed about this polyherbal formulation. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of paracetamol (300mg/kg) to the animals. The levels of liver enzymes, lipid profiles, creatinine, urea levels and histopathological parameters were measured in order to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of polyherbal formulation. The polyherbal formulation produced a significant hepatoprotective activity of the decoction of polyherbal formulation. The polyherbal formulation (PHF = 1) shows good hepatoprotective activity by lowering the levels of SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin parameters (p0.05), lipid profiles - cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and histopathological evaluations shows that PHF = 1 and PHF = 3 formulations have significantly hepatoprotective activity (p0.05). The study validates that polyherbal formulation has a good hepatoprotective activity.

Two separate studies: a comprehensive 3D CFD investigation for multiparticles in turbulence flow and an extended analytical model for liquid-solid phase are presented in this book. CFD investigation was carried out to predict the hydrodynamic behavior of turbid particle flowing through a horizontal pipe networks including loop consist of bends and straight pipes. Furthermore, the extended analytical model was also re-developed for the liquid-solid system to look at the similar behavior of the solid particles flowing in a turbulent field. These two parallel studies will provide better understandings about the turbidity spikes movements in the drinking water distribution networks. This book is design for the lay reader to advance researcher. Lay readers will get information about CFD modelling and particle modelling technique and the researcher will be benefited in turbulent diffusion modelling and multiphase-multiparticle modelling.

This study reviews literature on regional economic integration. it Pays attention to both traditional and modern theory of regional economic integration ,the effects of regional economic integration as well as stages .It assesses existing empirical findings on effects of regional economic integration to support the analytical methods used in this study. At the same time, the study mainly focus on assessing trade effects of regional economic integration at sectoral level taking SADC as case study . In this regard, this study looks at theoretical justifications for using gravity model to analyze trade creation and diversion effects of forming regional blocs in Africa. Accordingly, empirical studies on regional economic integration process in Africa show sluggish progress and there by limited level of intra trade. Particularly, the empirical results show that the intra -SADC trade is growing in fuel and minerals, and heavy manufacturing sectors while it displays a declining trend in agricultural and light manufacturing sectors.

Gastropods pest are largely neglected in the literature of pest control methods. Terrestrial/ aquatic snails and slugs are destructive pest of field crops/aquatic vegetation and gardens. Gastropods also act as intermediate host of many helminthic species. Fasciolosis and schistosomiasis are included in the list of important helminthiasis. Both have long impact on cattle and human health and economy. One of the effective tools to control helminthiasis is to destroy the carrier snails, to de-link the life cycle of the flukes. The present book highlights the major control methods of gastropods pest of horticulture/agriculture and carrier snails of different flukes. The major control measures, which are commonly used now a days are cultural/biological/mechanical and by synthetic/plant derived products. Recent researches, on snail control measures include use of cow urine/dung, bait formulations and synergistic combinations against harmful gastropods are also discussed. Snail trapping by different attractants used in bait formulation and phytotherapy of snails is one of the emerging methods in control of helminthiasis. Present book is useful to the agriculturist/livestock users.

Basil is popular aromatic and annual herb growing in many parts of the world. It is also having high medicinal values.It is highly perishable and during peak availability period most of the crop is lost. Moreover, it contains two important ingredients; eugenol and caryophellene and to preserve it use of proper drying method and its parameters is highly desired. This book contains results obtained by drying basil leaves with various drying technologies. The present research recommend fluidized bed drying at 45 deg. C for 30 seconds steam blanched basil leaves for best quality of dried basil leaves.

Over the last years environmental pollution is considered as serious problem.Halogenate compounds are wide spread pollutants which persistent in marine sediment,underground water and agriculture area.Dehalogenation is only known biodegradation mechanism for certain significant pollutants. It generally makes xenobiotic compounds less toxic and more readily degradable.So far,studies on dehalogenase properties from marine microorganisms were rare and study of this book may shed a light for thoes researcheres who want to get basic information about growth codition for isolate and identify dehalogenase producing bacteria and their properties.

A developed industrial sector is necessary and sufficient condition for any economy to develop. For most cases the industrial sector do diversify the economy as the primary sector is always agriculture. Even though agriculture could be the primary sector, the permanent economic growth and economic development has its roots in industrial sector. This is mainly because apart from its prices being relatively stable, the production can go throughout the year as it does not mostly depend on changes in weather condition as agricultural produce do. So whether we like or not the way forward towards permanent economic development is to develop the industrial sector. Efforts should be made by any means to make sure that non industrialized countries get into full swing of industrialization process as the way towards economic redemption. This has to go hand in hand with taking advantage of globalization to develop the efficient labor intensive technology for countries which are labor endowed like Tanzania.

Studies showing the exercise test responses among Black diabetics are few with a dearth of data on patients with hypertension and diabetes,quite common among Nigerians. This study looked at cardiac function including systolic and diastolic parameters by echocardiographic method, in patients with diabetes, considered the effect of DM alone and DM and hypertension on these parameters as well as looked at those echocardiographic parameters that may be used to predict exercise capacity in this population of patients.

This research investigates the economic impact of climate variability on Banana production in the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC). The study used a time series analyses to estimate the effects of rainfall, temperature and wind speed variability on banana production. The research also used the Lorenz curve to analyse climate variability over time and a spatial analogue methodology to estimate the effects of climate variability on Banana production in the CDC. Using two structural equations on a 37-years data set, the findings of this research showed that rainfall, temperature and wind speed variability have a significant effect on banana production. It also revealed that climate variability is relatively more significant in determining banana output than capital and labour. A test for structural defects in the model revealed also that there is a sharp increase in rainfall temperature and wind speed variability between 1985 and 2009. As a result, the study recommended irrigation practices to mitigate the adverse effects of the rainfall, temperature and wind speed variability.

This book employs the tools of philosophical reflection to examine a number of ethical issues that arise from the endeavours of ethnic minorities to get greater space in the Kenyan polity, or even to exit the Kenyan state to form new states or to join other states that would better serve their interests. It contends that along with the rights of the individual citizen exalted in liberal democratic societies such as those in Western Europe and North America, Kenya's constitution must adequately recognise ethnic rights if the country is to effectively address the rampant discontent among members of her numerous ethnic minorities who feel perpetually marginalised in the country's economic, social and political life. If you are new to Kenyan politics, read this book and acquaint yourself with the intriguing yet agonising realities of a post-colonial cosmopolitan African society struggling to be at peace with itself. If you are a seasoned scholar of Kenyan politics, read this book and get an opportunity to reflect on the philosophical issues that are so often ignored by empirical studies of Kenyan politics.

Vibration spectroscopy is one of the most important tools for the accurate determination of molecular structure. In this book, an attempt is made to elucidate the structural and vibrational spectral characteristics of di-substituted benzophenones using both experimental and theoretical methods. This study suggests that there may be some common features in structural and vibrational properties of substituted benzophenones. His investigations have lead to some interesting results for these materials may find applications in non linear optical devices.

When-to-release a product is crucial to the success of software products in the increasingly continuous and real-time environment of Software. With the shortened timeline, how can team effectively manage the quality of their product, and utilize Technical Debt? This book, inspired by the Best practices in the field, couple with real world case studies, will explore such relationships and suggest recommendations for product and project managers to optimize and maximize the offered business values of the release, and minimize their technical debt.

Trafficking is a multifaceted problem which calls for comprehensive approaches. Trafficking in human beings is a sensitive and complex issue. No country is immune from it. It is a form of modern-day slavery. The majority of transnational victims were trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation, although forced labor on farms, in restaurants, bars, nursing homes, construction sites or factories, or as household or cleaning help are also prevalent methods of abuse. Trafficking in human beings is a phenomenon which is directly connected to organized crime, poses a threat to international and internal security and violates the basic rights and freedoms of human beings. Trafficking crime normally involves more than one perpetrator and may also involve criminals that 'broker' human beings as a commodity, constituting a complementary element of trafficking. Trafficking crime functions only because there is a ready supply of victims at the start of the chain that are willing to consider migration as a means to improve their circumstances in their countries of origin.

Modelling real-life systems and phenomena using mathematical based formalisms is ubiquitous in science and engineering. The reason is that mathematics o¿er a suitable framework to carry out formal and rigorous analysis of these systems. For instance, in software engineering, formal methods are among the most e¿cient tools to identify ¿aws in software. The behavior of many real-life systems is inherently stochastic which require stochastic models such as labelled Markov processes (LMPs), Markov decision processes (MDPs), predictive state representations (PSRs), etc. This thesis is about quantifying the di¿erence between stochastic systems. The important point of the thesis is that reinforcement learning (RL), a branch of arti¿cial intelligence particularly e¿cient in presence of uncertainty, can be used to quantify e¿ciently the divergence between stochastic systems. The key idea is to de¿ne an MDP out of the systems to be compared and then to interpret the optimal value of the MDP as the divergence between them. The most appealing feature of the proposed approach is that it does not rely on the knowledge of the internal structure of the systems.

The differential cross-section for the elastic scattering of heavy ions like C and Si scattered from the target nuclei C, Pb, Zr, Ca, O, Si, S, Al at different projectile energies has been studied in terms of the Strong Absorption Model of Frahn and Venter using the three parameters version of this model. We find that a reasonably good description to the angular distribution of the experimental elastic scattering data is possible. The parameters of the model are cut-off angular momentum T, the rounding parameter ¿, and the real nuclear phase-shift µ. The quality of fit to the experiment is nearly of similar nature to that achieved by optical model. The optical model has nine to twelve adjustable parameters where as the model SAM has only three. The three parameters of SAM model are quite sufficient to analyze the experimental elastic scattering data. From such an analysis, the extracted SAM parameters are unique whereas the optical model parameters suffer from discrete and continuous ambiguities and that is why the parameters of the optical are not unique.

The current economic framework increasingly requires verifying the ethical values of the foundations of the economic behaviours of individual consumers and organizations. Even on a historical level, the financial crisis dramatically brought to light a perception of the behaviour of the link between ethics, consumers and enterprises that differs from previous years. Rediscovering the importance of ethics in economic choices first requires a focused historical analysis, then the capability to represent it and thereafter verifying how its manifestations change over time. The proposed historical analysis is developed by addressing the ethics of consumers, of corporate social responsibility and microcredit. An overview of the key contributions allows structuring the scale in support of empirical research aimed at over two thousand university students. Their responses before and after the financial crisis contribute to the current debate, which is particularly important since it is linked to those who will shape tomorrow's economy.

"This rich and informative study of the impact of the Peace Corps experience upon volunteers contributes to a growing body of literature-most of it focusing upon the effect of U.S. programs and personnel in the Developing World-on the impact of international aid projects generally. More important, it demonstrates the ways in which those participating in such grass-roots programs have had their sensitivities broadened and deepened and their recognition of global issues-and the complex role of American policies and practices in them--enhanced." Norman R. Yetman, Emeritus Chancellors Club Teaching Professor of American Studies & Sociology, The University of Kansas.

Plantain; this medicinal weed used world wide as food and treatment of many diseases. Its great fame stemmed ten centuries ago from its use as a treatment of wounds, when its anti-bleeding and anti-infection properties were discovered. In Egypt P. major has a wide rang of distribution specially in the Nile Delta. Growth pattern of P. major for several trends e.g. morphological traits, biomass allocation; environmental variables (soil); and biochemical analysis are evaluated in Damietta region. Quantification of floristic features; differences in phenotypic plasticity; and edaphic variables which affects the distribution and abundance of P. major was performed to stand on the ecological amplitude of P. major; its patterns of distribution; composition of its communities; role of its habitat characteristics on phenotypic plasticity and plant chemical composition besides the different factors affecting its seed germination.This book, provides data will be useful for credible management and cultivation of this medicinal weed.

Amongst all carrier utilized for target oriented drug delivery, vesicular drug delivery system in the form of liposome is most extensively investigated. Liposomes are gaining popularity because of their inert biological nature, freedom from antigenic, pyrogenic or allergic reactions and similarity of primary components of liposomes with natural membrane. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes irreversible destruction of immune system, leading to occurrence of opportunistic infection and malignancy. During last decade, even though attempts were being made to eradicate HIV, it was found that eradication of HIV is highly unlikely; an effective antiretroviral therapy is required on long term basis to maintain viral suppression and reduce disease progression. The uses of liposomes as a drug carrier are particularly relevant to control the progression of HIV disease. Since they are naturally taken up by reticuloendothelial cells, liposomes based therapy should concentrate the antiretroviral agents within cells susceptible to HIV infections and at the same time reduce the quantity of drug at the sites where it might be potentially toxic.