Osnovopolozhnik novogo fizicheskogo napravleniya - prichinnoy mekhaniki, N. A. Kozyrev predlozhil interpretatsiyu faktov vzaimodeystviya, kotorye nevozmozhno otnesti k izvestnym chetyrem (elektromagnitnomu, gravitatsionnomu, sil'nomu i slabomu). Mekhanika N. A. Kozyreva osnovana na priznanii fundamental'noy neobratimosti vremeni i vytekayushchego iz nee novogo tipa fizicheskogo vzaimodeystviya mezhdu lyubymi dissipativnymi protsessami. V chastnosti, prichinnaya mekhanika predskazyvaet poyavlenie v giroskopi-cheskoy sisteme sily, deystvuyushchey parallel'no ee osi (sily prichinnosti). Rassmatrivaetsya ryad voprosov, svyazannykh s vvedeniem effektov prichinnoy mekhaniki v klassicheskie uravneniya gidrotermodinamiki na primere atmosfery. Vvedeno ponyatie kausstroficheskogo vetra, kak rezul'tat ravnovesnogo sostoyaniya mezhdu silami Koriolisa i prichinnosti. Privodyatsya rezul'taty prognoza polya geopoten-tsiala po barotropnoy modeli atmosfery na sroki ot 24 do 120 ch po territorii severnogo polushariya. Pokazano, chto vvedenie sily pri-chinnosti privodit k uluchsheniyu kachestva prognozov.

This study investigated Cu(II) based anti-inflammatory agents for inflammation alleviation due to Rheumatoid Arthritis. Four copper chelating agents; [555-N], [H(555)-N], [H2(5555)-N] and [H2(556)-N] were synthesized and used for in vitro investigations to determine their formation constants with Cu(II), Zn(II), Ca(II) and Ni(II). The stability for the Cu(II) solution species were [555-N] [H(555)-N] [H2(556)-N] [H2(5555)-N] with significant Jahn-Teller distortion for the MLH-1 and MLH-2 species. Percutaneous skin absorption estimates for Cu(II) complexes indicated encouraging trans-dermal absorption, though were poor in mimicking the Cu-Zn-SOD enzyme. Speciation modelling of Cu(II) suggested significant mobilization of Cu(II) by [555-N] and [H(555)-N] in vivo with insignificant interference from Zn(II) and Ca(II). The in vivo verification of the modelling results through animal experiments showed significant biological half life of the Cu(II) complexes. Overall, in vitro and in vivo evaluations showed potential of achieving exogenous trans-dermal administration, subsequent endogenous mobilization and retention of therapeutic effect of Cu(II) at sites of inflammation.

In the twentieth century, the assimilation of the Jewish immigrants in America caused a crisis of identity, especially in the following generations. As a result of the Holocaust, the threat of ethnic annihilation and identity crisis of the Jewish people were the main concerns in the post-war period. In the literary world, many Jewish writers have adopted the problem of Jewish identity as their main theme. While some of these writers try to preserve and restore the Jewish heritage in their fiction, some others depict the identity crisis and the protest of the Jewish self's against traditional Jewishness in the American WASP society. Philip Roth, one of the prominent writers of the Jewish novel tradition, deals with the problematic aspects of being a Jewish in the multiculturalistic structure of America. His characters are usually not comfortable in their environment and they oscillate between the Jewish milieu and the gentile world to find a better place for themselves. This work aims to explore Roth's fiction, and tries to reveal the tensions that the Jewish self experiences as he interacts with both cultures.

The Kedougou Kenieba Inlier (KKI) (Paleoproterozoic of Eastern Senegal) is a portion of the West African Craton (WAC) containing a granite-greenstone terrain that experienced three distinct periods of magmatic activity, peaking at 2200, 2160-2130 and 2100-2070 Ma. In the Inlier, Paleoproterozoic granitoids and large-scale transcurrent shear zones are spatially associated, suggesting a genetic link between magma bodies and shear zones.In Mako Belt, Granitic intrusions are associated with all the volcanic episodes and phases of deformation, and have been used to constrain the age of many of these events.The deformation sequence indicate that the Mako Greenstone Belt and the adjacent granitoid complexes have undergone a multi-phase evolutionary history that is spread over a prolonged period.

A strong relationship has always been suggested between fluctuations in stock prices and news of mergers and acquisitions. Although, there is definitely action in the prices of stocks around the days when mergers are announced, but they may not be significant in determining the reason for this particular behavior. The book testifies to the market efficiency with respect to mergers and acquisitions announcements, using an event study methodology. This methodology has been applied to analyze the response of financial markets to changes in the banking industry as a result of Mergers and Acquisitions. A merger or an acquisition is assumed to create value if the returns on the shares of the acquirers and the targets increase on the announcement of the merger. In this book, returns on the stocks of banks are compared to the market returns in order to study the effects of announcements of bank mergers on stock values in Europe.

This book incorporates previous studies about community organization as well as properties of an ecotone, which are compiled in way to give an insight of the structure, dynamics, functioning and types of communities in the biosphere. The study also includes concepts of ecotone and edge effect which are also described in details. The present study aims to reach the readers wider than others, such as undergraduate, postgraduate, researchers, environmental workers This book is illustrated in a way that it may be helpful in form of reference book to academicians as well as researchers as ecological studies are concerned.

Despite the development of several new anticonvulsants, over 30% of people with epilepsy do not have seizure control and others do so only at the expense of significant dose-related toxicity and unusual adverse effects. The semicarbazones based pharmacophoric model for anticonvulsant activity comprises of following four essential binding sites: (i) An aryl hydrophobic binding site; (ii)A hydrogen bonding domain; (iii)An electron donor group and (iv) Another hydrophobic-hydrophilic site regulating the pharmacokinetic properties of the anticonvulsant. In pursuit for better antiepileptic drug and the importance of semicarbazones as anticonvulsant pharmacophore, a series of novel semicarbazone were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. The results of the present studying confirmed that the pharmacophoric model with four binding sites is vital for anticonvulsant activity.

Our ability to generate and collect data has been increasing rapidly. Improving data delivery is the top priority in bio computing today this comprehensive cutting edge guide can help by showing you how to effectively integrate bioinformatics and other powerful data mining technologies. This compact book explores the concept of data mining and discusses various data mining techniques and their applications towards bioinformatics. It is primarily designed for budding researchers in computer science. You will learn how to Use data mining to establish competitive advantage, Solve biological problems faster by exploiting clustering and pattern discovery ,Evaluate various data mining solutions to the high dimensional datasets, Leverage your data mining utility via the internet, other biological resources i.e, medical datasets, bioinformatics datasets etc, In addition to provide a detailed overview and strategic analysis of the available data mining technologies, the book serves as a practical guide to design and deployment of algorithms and how to interpret, evaluate and discuss according to our research for the research scholars.

Existence of children living on the streets and roaming around the city is a pressing social problem that requires immediate address. The Kenyan society tends to have thrown some of the children, its future to the streets A quality relevant curriculum could change the street children's life and enable them to engage in gainful activities to earn a decent livelihood and contribute to national development. A first step in developing such a curriculum is a diligent exploration of the street children's needs. This book investigated the learning needs of the Street Children and proposes a possible curriculum for them.

I express my deep gratitude to Dr. G. Sekaran, Scientist and Head of the Department of the Environmental Technology Lab, CLRI who accepted my request for carrying out my project work. I owe my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Evvie Chockalingam, for her valuable guidance, constant encouragement, innumerable suggestions, patience and care that she bestowed on me during the course of my project. I would like to thank Dr. G. Sekar, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, IIT- Madras, for allowing me to use the facilities available in his lab for my experiments. I would like to thank my project coordinator Dr.Shiny John Vairamon, Head of the Department of Chemistry. Finally, my heartfelt thanks to Dr.Muthuraman Pandurangan. He played a vital role in writing up this book. Without him this would not be possible. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the editor who accepted the manuscript. Last but not the least I would like to thank my beloved mother and other family members for their constant support throughout the process. Special thanks to all my friends who encouraged and supported me always as ever.

There has been an on-going development in trying to comprehend the concept of suicide around the world, especially in relation to young adults. A large number of studies have been conducted in western countries; however, there is still a lack of research pertaining to the subject of suicide in developing countries such as Pakistan. The purpose of this research was to evaluate some of the possible factors namely, parenting styles and self-esteem and its relationship to suicidal ideation among young adults.This book should be of interest to all those dealing with mental health problems and its possible contributing factors. Additionally, this research can further provide a distinctive source of information to conduct comparative analysis for those who are interested in exploring the traditional South Asian culture.

This book therefore provides an explanation why SMT subjects are not done well by most secondary school girls in Kenya. The data analysis should influence policy makers and implementers in decision-making on girls' better performance in the subjects. It should be useful to various stakeholders in the education sector. For instance, the Ministry of Education policy makers in the formulation of future SMT education policies aimed at improving girls' performance in SMT subjects. The book should influence policy on the recruitment and staffing of SMT teachers by the Ministry of Education in relation to school size to enable teachers of SMT handle a reasonable teaching load for effective teaching which will result to improved performance among girls in SMT subjects. The untrained SMT teachers and those lacking training in Gender Responsive Pedagogy should be influenced by the book and go for in-service training in order to sharpen their pedagogical skills so as to improve the quality of performance in their subject areas. The book should influence the employment of women in the science and technology related fields.

The present investigation aimed at formulation, and evaluation of vesicular drug carrier system liquid crystalline proliposomes for transdermal delivery of antifungal agent, griseofulvin. Liquid crystalline proliposomal gel (LCPG) formulations of griseofulvin were prepared, and characterized for vesicles shape, size, entrapment efficiency, and drug permeation across pig ear skin. The effects of different formulation variables (type of alcohol, type and concentration of surfactant) on transdermal permeability profile were assessed. The optimized LCPG formulation showed enhanced In Vitro skin permeation flux of 10.705 ± 0.052 µg/cm2/hr as compared to 0.028 ± 0.02 µg/cm2/hr for plain drug solution in water. Results indicated that the optimized proliposomal formulation of griseofulvin had better skin permeation potential than plain drug solution in water.

The use of information and communications technology (ICT) to provide medical information, interaction between patients and health-service providers, institution-to-institution transmission of data, in known as eHealth. ICT have become an inseparable part of our life, it can integrate health care more seamlessly to our everyday life. ICT enables the delivery of accurate medical information anytime anywhere in an efficient manner. Cardiovascular disease is the single leading cause of death, especially in elderly people. The condition of heart is monitor by(CG). The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used clinical tool to diagnose complex heart diseases. In clinical settings, resting ECG is used to monitor patients. Holter-based portable monitoring solutions capable of 24 to 48-hour ECG recording, they lack the capability of providing any real-time feedback in case of alarming situation. The recorded ECG data analyzed offline by doctor. To address this issue, authors propose a functionality of IDSS, in heart monitoring system. The proposed system has capability of generate an alarm in case of serious abnormality in heart, during monitoring of heart activity.

Purpose of the study is to develope stable Methotrexate (MTX) loaded Microemulsion based formulation for topical treatment of Psoriasis with improvement in cutaneous deposition and to enhance the local effect. Several treatments of psoriasis are available, each specifically related to certain factors but none of these have curative effects. For practical purposes, patients with less than 15 % body surface involvement can be treated effectively with topical agents. In last few decades there is increasing in understandings of skin & its barrier properties which allowed development of more efficient means of delivering drugs through skin. Methotrexate has been shown to selectively inhibit DNA synthesis in psoriatic epidermal cells, thus decreasing mitotic activity. Localization of MTX in effected layers of skin is likely to improve the role of topical dosage form of drug as a supplementary to oral therapy for treatment of psoriasis. In recent years, Microemulsion is recognized as one good vehicle for the percutaneous absorption of drugs. So in present study, attempt was made for finding powerful formulation of poorly soluble MTX for topical treatment of Psoriasis.

Herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population mostly in the developing countries in the primary health care.Medicinal plants and their derivatives have been an invaluable source of therapeutic agents to treat various disorders including peptic ulcer disease (PUD).In the United States, approximately 4 million people have peptic ulcer (duodenal and gastric),and 350,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Around 100,000 patients are hospitalized yearly,and about die each year as a result of peptic ulcer disease.The roots of the plant Zizyphus oenoplia useful in hyperacidity,stomachalgia and healing of wounds.Zizyphus oenoplia showed significant Antiulcer activity by studying Phytochemical & Histopathological findings, which scientifically support the use of root of Zizyphus oenoplia in traditional medicine to treat ulcer.

Despite all of their imperfections and shortcomings, peace operations have become a significant instrument for the maintenance of international peace and security. Since the beginning of the first peace operation, there have been many articles and books written on various aspects of peace operations. However, there are only a few studies about a specific country's contributions to peace operations, its motivations, and impact of its participation in these operations. This book aims at analyzing the motivations that lie at the roots of Turkey's involvement in peace operations. Participation in such operations has been an identity-constructing activity in the sense that Turkey has tried to reinforce its eroding western identity in the 1990s through this particular way. This book also discusses alternative motivations such as security-related considerations and domestic influence of ethnic and religion pressure groups. It also tries to answer the questions such as: What is the impact of participation in such operations on Turkey? Has the act of participation served Turkey's interests?

The rural sector in India plays a predominant role in the development of the economy. Women in India still perform only their traditional roles in their houses and in agriculture. They do not engage in any of the economic activities without assistance from their men folk due to socio-cultural, traditional practices, conventions and taboos. The development of women entrepreneurship is very low in rural India, though the urban women are slightly enjoying better status in the society. Women's skill and knowledge, their talent and abilities in business and a compelling desire of wanting to do something positive are some of the reasons for the Self Help Group formation and its development. Self Help Groups SHGs are of recent origin in India. Self Help Groups are small, economically homogeneous and affinity groups of rural and urban poor women, voluntarily formed for working together for the social and economic uplift of their families and community. The Government of India and various State Governments have been implementing various programmes for rural upliftment.

Computerization of job has completely changed work scenario. Ever growing population of computer user has vast diversity in their work pattern associated with VDT workstation, procedure of work, material interfaces and HCI environment. In context of mass explosion of computer-related occupational activities, ergonomics researchers and practitioners are becoming critical to get grips of problems, to make HCI healthier and safer. The present systematic ergonomics study primarily dealt with multiple aspects of VDT work in terms of long term combined effects of musculoskeletal and psychophysical stresses of operators. The biomechanical, electromyographical and 3D motion analysis was performed for intervention of VDT workstation characteristics and job characteristics of computer operation. The study brought out the need of job specific workstation design. The book has explored some rarely explored mode of evaluation of VDT workstation and job characteristics while finding out root cause of alarming increase in biomechanical, electromyographical and psychosocial problems associated with computer jobs.

During the past few years, the high pressure structural phase transition in Rare Earth Compounds has been studied extensively. These materials are mostly ionic in nature; crystallize in the rock salt structures at ambient pressure. In the rare earth compounds, the electrons hybridized between two states, which have nearly equal energy. These properties have been correlated with existence of unfilled f electron shell of RE ions, which therefore interact strongly with the lattice. In the present book a theoretical model has been used in order to understand the effect of f- electrons on phase transition, elastic, mechanical and lattice dynamical properties. The necessity of the development of present two body ineriionic potential model and various interactions required essentially for a complete account of the cohesion in RE compound have been described.We have also discussed Breathing Shell Model (BSM) theory to calculate complete phonon spectrum, density of states and specific heat of Neptunium Chalcogenides in this book.